David Remnick: As we lurch painfully into another election season, we can't seem to avoid the phrase 'democracy hangs in the balance yet again'. We've been saying that since 2016 and sadly, alarmingly, it's even more the case today. Donald Trump is ahead of Joe Biden in many polls, and he certainly isn't chastened by his efforts to overturn the last election, and he certainly isn't chastened by his legal troubles. Instead, he's called to suspend parts of the Constitution, and recently called his political enemies 'vermin', a word out of Hitler and Mussolini. This year's chaos in Congress, the like of which we hadn't seen in our history, certainly doesn't give you much comfort.

How did we get here? Can we ever get from here to safer ground where we can argue about things like tax rates? That's a question that some of The New Yorkers best thinkers on politics gathered to discuss recently. Jelani Cobb, Jill Lepore and Evan Osnos are all staff writers and collectively, the authors of a huge pile of excellent books on American history and cultural life. They came together at the New Yorker festival for a conversation moderated by Michael Luo, the editor of newyorker.com. Here's Michael.

Michael Luo: Jill, Jelani, Evan, thank you all for being here.

[applause]

?Evan Osnos: Thank you, Mike.

Michael Luo: I want to start in a very New Yorker note, with a reading of E.B. White's famous essay The Meaning of Democracy, which originally appeared in the notes and comments section of the July 3rd 1943 issue of The New Yorker. E.B. White, of course, was maybe the greatest magazine essayist of the 20th century. The occasion for the piece was a letter from the Writers' War Board, a group of authors who were meant to help shape public opinion on the Allied effort in World War II. Here it is. "We received a letter from the Writers' War Board the other day asking for a statement on the meaning of democracy.

It presumably is our duty to comply with such a request, and it's certainly our pleasure. Surely, the board knows what democracy is, is the line that forms on the right, is the don't in don't shove, is the hole in the stuffed shirt through which the saw dust slowly trickles, is the dent in the high hat. Democracy is the recurrent suspicion that more than half of the people are right more than half of the time. Is the feeling of privacy in the voting booths, the feeling of communion in the libraries, the feeling of vitality everywhere. Democracy is a letter to the editor.

Democracy is the score at the beginning of the ninth. Is an idea which hasn't been disproved yet. A song, the words of which have not gone bad. It's the mustard on the hotdog, and the cream in the ration and coffee. Democracy is a request from a War Board in the middle of a morning in the middle of a war, wanting to know what democracy is." God, I almost choked up there.

FDR loved this essay. He read it all the time. What do you take away from that essay about why we are here today, the meaning of democracy. I don't know, Jelani, put you on the spot, if you want to start.

Jelani Cobb: I think of democracy in terms of that saying about experience, they say experience is what you get when you come in second place, and so democracy is what you get when you lose and still hold faith in the idea that you could win, is the always 'wait till next year' idea of it. Obviously, that's something that we have taken for granted for a long time and then thought maybe we really shouldn't take that for granted.

Michael Luo: Jill.

Jill Lepore: There's a part of me that wants to, well, the large part of me wants to embrace, I think, a lot of the sentimentality around the E.B. White's perception of democracy. I think about the free library card, bringing your kid to kindergarten at a public school for the first time and belonging to that world, but in this moment in time, I think democracy really is only as strong as your willingness to lose. I guess I really come to that very same place. I think our willingness to lose is quite a fragile thing right now.

Evan Osnos: I think my dominant reaction when I hear that is, "Oh my God, the standards of The New Yorkers, it's so high, it's so hard. Our predecessors were so good." There's a line in there that really rings true to me, which is the idea that more than half of the people can be right more than half of the time. That fraction, which is a big idea, and embedded in that is the idea of the consented loser, that fraction is only true as long as many people are participating in democracy. Are we, in fact, doing the work of preventing voter suppression, of getting people into the opportunity to participate in politics? Is our system catching up with the reality of life on the ground?

Jelani Cobb: There's a thing, going in that same line, about more than half of the people being right, more than half of the time. It doesn't mean that more than half of the people are never wrong, and it's important to keep that in mind, because we have an amazing liability in the United States, and that is our conception of ourselves as exceptional. Being exceptional is like being rich or being good looking, is better for other people to say that about you than for you to say it about yourself. Because we don't easily engage with the areas in which we fall short, or when you bring up the areas in which we have fallen short, you're accused of "wanting to tear the country down," which is something I hear all the time. I was like, "No, we're actually trying to immunize ourselves against our worst instincts."

Michael Luo: Jill, you said something about sentimentality of the piece. It's out of fashion a little bit to feel that way, maybe, about our country, about democracy. What were you reacting to when you were talking about that?

Jill Lepore: I actually read that E.B. White piece when I was working on a piece for the magazine. I was surprised to see how ubiquitous were panel discussions like this in the 1930s. By the time it gets to 1943 and he gets the letter from the War Board, he's exhausted by it, it's become a trite thing. We have all probably been on the democracy talk circuit lately, because it's what we should be talking about. One of the things that really struck me comparing maybe my experience of being in panels like this, with the tenor of some of those conversations in the 30s was the extraordinary affection for ordinary people that was part of that 1930s vibe, the documentary populism of a Dorothea Lange, the Federal Writers' Project, people going around collecting stories of ordinary people. The celebration of the everyday, the folk music, that that meant that when people talked about democracy, they talked about their affection for ordinary people, for daily life. If we were to sit here and be like, "Democracy is skateboards and FIFA on my video player." Just things that are regular, but there's--

Jelani Cobb: Democracy is my YouTube algorithm.

[laughter]

Jill Lepore: When people were making projects whose aim was to cultivate democracy, they were full of affection, but I also know that I am of this world and I'm not going to wax poetic about the ninth inning right now.

Michael Luo: I don't know, that FIFA thing got me a little teared up. [laughs] Jelani, you wrote a book about the Obama presidency. It was published in 2010, and then you had to, I guess, they republished it in 2020 and you wrote a new introduction. You wrote, "Obama's emergence was tied to his ability to articulate a transcendent vision of American identity, one in which the traditional divides of partisanship and race will be of less consequence than the overarching bond of citizenship." What was it about America that enabled us to elect a man named Barack Hussein Obama as President of the United States, and then eight years later elect Donald John Trump?

Jelani Cobb: I think it's not that complicated, actually. I think it's the same thing that allowed us to revoke the 15th Amendment and the 19th amendment and lynch people for voting. Same society, where people from all geographic lines and racial backgrounds participated in the Civil Rights Movement. If we went all the way back to the fundamental dichotomy of the people who founded this country, and the way that they subsidized their mission of liberty with the lives of slaves. We've always been engaged in that dialectic.

Michael Luo: Jill, do you have a perspective on that kind of dialectic?

Jill Lepore: What's a little bit odd about our contemporary moment is that people seem to wish that they could choose one or the other of those accounts of the American past, the one that maps onto their political preferences. I think that's incredibly dangerous. I remember at the time Trump was elected, I was a bit more than halfway through writing this thousand-page history of the United States. Then he was elected, and I was going to end with Barack Obama's inauguration-

[laughter]

-and I was going to be like my final chapter. I was like, "This is great." I go, "People are so excited." Then Trump was elected and I had to quickly add like 10 pages.

[laughter]

Then when I went to talk to people and the book came out in 2018, people kept saying to me, "How did you write this history of the country so fast? The whole book explains Trump." I was like, "No, the whole book explained Obama. I just added Trump.

[laughter]

Like the whole book explains both of them because it's the both sides of the coin. It's just the cleaving of the story into two. People on one side want to believe the history of the country is a history of the march of freedom and a triumph of capitalism. On the other side, want to believe this history of the country is a litany of atrocity and exploitation. Both are true, but also that means neither is true. I think it really impoverishes our political conversation to deploy these really polarized histories in this way, which is why we have these doofus waste of energy history wars in the classroom right now.

Jelani Cobb: If I can just add something to that. I think that the interesting thing about the deployment of history in ways that are used to rationalize contemporary politics. When I was talking with my students about W.E.B Du Bois and the book that he published in 1935, Black Reconstruction, which was meant to turn the entire understanding of reconstruction on its head, to say that it had actually been an experiment in democracy and that the emancipation of slaves had been a good thing, and that the enfranchisement of Black people had been a good thing and that these governments did useful, worthwhile things for the time that they existed.

The prevailing narrative prior to that had been that all of these things were an unmitigated disaster and that argument was being used to justify Jim Crow. Now, I think it's brazen and really shocking to see the extent to which we're seeing history just photoshopped in order to provide a narrative that aligns itself so directly and with such a one-to-one ratio to the political project that's also being undertaken right now.

Michael Luo: Evan, you went to the Capitol on January 6th, I think I might have called you.

Evan Osnos: Yes, you sent me there, Mike.

[laughter]

Evan Osnos: Didn't just go.

Michael Luo: How did you guy get there, now?

[laughter]

Evan Osnos: We're like, one of us has to get there now.

[laughter]

Evan Osnos: What really struck me about it and gets to the deeper problem that we're contending with, it was not actually the guys. They were guys with the flags that they were spearing the police officers with. In some ways that was a phenomenon that I understand. What struck me was when I was talking to people on the edges of it, grandmothers who had joined in this delusion, the idea that they believed that they were doing something noble when they were engaged in this wretched act of insurrection. We're really just beginning to understand how the collapsing compact between those people and their sense of government would affect our lives. Just one fact that's notable. Of the people I talked to there, I was struck how many of them told me that it was their first trip to Washington. They came for the first time to sack the Capitol.

[music]

David Remnick: That's Evan Osnos. He's speaking with fellow staff writers, Jelani Cobb, Jill Lepore, and Michael Luo.

[music]

David Remnick: We are hearing today from three great thinkers who met to talk about the state of democracy. All of them staff writers at The New Yorker. Michael Luo moderated our conversation with Jill Lepore, Jelani Cobb, and Evan Osnos. Here's Mike Luo.

Michael Luo: Jelani, one of your specialties as a historian is the post-Civil War era. What about this moment resembles that time in our history and what is different?

Jelani Cobb: There are people in this country who are believers in democracy, and then there are people whose primary faith is in power. If democracy will yield power for them, then fine. If they can't get power through democracy, then their allegiance is to whatever mechanism will keep them empowered. You have to cook the history books in order to get to that version that we talk about, the gleaming perfect. 'We start out as great and have only gotten better' idea of American identity, American history.

By subscribing to that idea, it makes it difficult for you to really look at reconstruction and what happened. The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments, there was a tantamount to restarting the-- Rebooting the country because you abolished slavery, you created equal protection under the laws and birthright citizenship. Then you gave limited enfranchisement to Black people, Black men specifically. The reason that I've been such an evangelist for understanding Black history is that it is a phenomenally convenient barometer of America's tolerance of anti-democracy.

The 5,000 or so people who were lynched, that was done in order to prevent democracy. We say it was like, "Oh, it was done in order to terrorize Black people," and so on and so forth. In Mississippi, the population of Mississippi was half Black. 50% of the population could not vote. Those actions were meant to forestall democracy. We have to actually grapple with that if we want to have a clear gauge of what's happening around us right at this moment.

Michael Luo: Jill, you're in these truths. One of the themes that comes through is the fragility of the American experiment. That the outcome is not assured. What are you thinking about the outcome these days?

Jill: [laughs] I was reading this kind of wacky book by this Yale Law school scholar, Jack Balkin, recently called Constitutional Time. He has this crazy cosmological pattern that he's proposing, and I'm going to get this wrong, but it's sort of, if you imagine there's the earth's own rotation on its axis, and then the earth's orbit around the sun and then the moon's orbit around the earth. Imagine those are three different patterns. One of them is constitutional time, like the patterns of amendment and revision. One of them is polarization, let's say the other one's income inequality.

This is not what Balkin uses because he's not interested in that, but I would say that's the third thing that's most important. He's like, "Okay, so we're in a perfect eclipse right now because the constitution has become unamendable. Our polarization is at a peak. He's not talking about income-- pretend he's talking about income inequality. Where the sky is completely dark because the sun is blocking, the moon is blocking, and where we are standing on the planet. I was very drawn to this notion that we're in a perfect storm, that all of these forces at the moment have lined up, but where I was completely unpersuaded is they're not separate systems. [chuckles]

Income inequality drives polarization, polarization drives income inequality. If you're trying to make an XY axis, it's like everything starts falling apart in 1968. Just when the country really becomes a multiracial democracy, it's difficult to imagine how such a well-aligned set of crises-- Like which one do you tackle first? For me, I just decided as a historian, or I'm going to start thinking hard about the constitution, and the other things are just harder to think through. If everybody would just concentrate on income inequality, and we would talk more about the have-yachts and the not-have-yachts--

Michael Luo: Please, use the technical term. It's the haves and the have yachts.

[laughter]

Jill: We need to talk more about the haves and the have yachts, and kind of less about, "What is the good thing you can do today as a citizen?" Disenfranchise the rich? I don't know.

Evan Osnos: I think you raised a really essential idea, which is-- and this ties into the January 6th discussion of a moment ago, which is that one of the pieces of data that's come out of an analysis of January 6th, Robert Pape at the University of Chicago looked. He said, "Well, what is it that ties these people together, these insurrectionists? It tends to be that they come from counties that are overwhelmingly white, that have had a measurable uptick in diversity.

Theda Skocpol, who has thought more about the origins of the very far right right now than almost anybody else, particularly the Tea Party, will tell you that the government dysfunction, that the expression that the government is the problem, or ultimately when you dig far enough, you get to this core root, this reality that the white majority is in every conceivable political way, rebelling against the reality of a more diverse country. That s the enduring fact, and we're seeing it come out in all of these permutations, violent and political and elsewhere.

Jelani Cobb: Evan, here's the thing. We're talking about these counties that were overwhelmingly white that experienced a significant uptick in diversity. Do you know the fundamental county we're talking about is Queens? It is not a coincidence that the most xenophobic political figure in modern American life [laughter] is a product of statistically the most diverse county in the United States. I know this growing up in Queens. Trump's version, Trump is a generation older than me.

His version of Queens was the second whitest borough of New York City. My version of Queens was the most diverse county in the United States. That was why in 2016, no one spoke that language as fluently as Trump did, because it was the language of the Archie Bunker era resentments of white working class and elite residents of Queens. He'd heard that language his whole life.

It's important to also keep in mind that when we look at the history of populism in the United States, particularly right-wing populism, they have always had a certain ratio of completely batshit crazy.

[laughter]

Michael Luo: Is that a technical term? [crosstalk]

Jelani Cobb: That's a technical term. [laughter] Political scientists use that term. That obscures an actual valid critique somewhere, like when you sift through enough, you find like, "Oh wait, this actual thing was true." They found this thing that was true, and then they ran off in the most nutty, completely insane direction possible, but they actually did have a sense that something was taking advantage of them in a way that they couldn't really articulate.

Evan Osnos: One of the unusual aspects of our democracy is its kind of uniquely counter majoritarianism nature. The founders were really afraid of factions and democratic majorities, and they built in all these kind of protections. The electoral college, the Supreme Court, the Senate, what were they so afraid of?

Jill Lepore: Yes, I mean, one of the things that's really important to recognize is how truly innovative what they were setting up was. I mean, what they were trying to do with the House of Representatives was have a system of true representation that's completely destroyed by the compromise over slavery in the three-fifths clause. The idea of representation by numerical representation, that element of democracy, which was an artifact of the emerging science of demography, that you could actually reliably count people and then have people be represented in the proportion to how many people there are, that was actually like a hugely big idea.

Then they really freaked out about doing that, and so they're like, "Okay, well, we'll do the Senate, and that will be basically ruled by property," but they were rejecting, literally ruling by -- They were literally going to do the Senate by wealth, by the wealth of the state. You'd have proportionate representation by wealth, so all of these aristocratic measures that were put in the US Constitution and were then copied by -- I mean, it's the most influential written constitution in the world.

They were copied by other constitutions. All the other countries in the world that adopted those things in their written constitution, an imitation of ours, amended them out of their constitutions. We are the only nation in the world that doesn't elect our own president by numbers, but our amendment provision was also a compromise with the slave states, with the deep south slave states, and so the reason we can't amend the Constitution really is because of slavery.

The things that would really repair, we need to abolish the Electoral College. We need to get rid of unequal suffrage in Senate, and we need to have term, like you can't do those things unless you can amend the Constitution, which we can't do.

Jelani Cobb: I would always often talk with my students about the New York City subway. All of the cities that adopted metros or rail, the subways after New York City, benefited from seeing what didn't work in New York City. Same thing with LaGuardia Airport, which was one of the earlier airports. We've made some progress with LaGuardia, but if you were two or three years ago going to LaGuardia, going like, "Look how early we built a airport, [laughter] and so the same thing applies to our constitution in some ways.

[music]

David Remnick: The New Yorker's Jelani Cobb. His books include, The Substance of Hope, Barack Obama and The Paradox of Progress. Jill Lepore is the author of These Truths and many other books, and Evan Osnos's Wildland came out in 2021. They spoke with editor Michael Luo at The New Yorker Festival in October.

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